Kisi baadalon ar chand rahit raat mein yadi aasamaan ko dekha jaaye tab ham paayenge ki Aasamaan mai sabase jyaada chamakeele pind Shukr, Mangal, Guru, aur Shani jaise grah hain. isake alaava aasamaan mai
asankhy taare bhee dikhai deti hai jo ki hamaare surya jaise hee hai lekin ham se kaafi dur hai. hamaare sabase najadeek ka sitaara Praakseema Sentaaree ham se chaar prakaash varsh (10) door hai.hamaaree aankhon se
dikhai dene Waale Adhikatar taare kuchh sou prakaash varsh kee doori pad hai. tulana ke liye bata de ki surya ham se keval 8 prakaash minute aur chaand 14 prakaash sec ki doori pad hai. hamain dikhai dene waale
Adhiktar taare ek lambbi patte ke roop mai dikhaee dete hai, jise ham Aakaasha Ganga kahati hai. jo ki vaastavikata mai chitra mai dikhaaye Anusaar pechadaar (spiral) hai. is se pata chalata hai ki brahmaand kitana viraat
hai ! yah brahmaand astitv mai kaise aaya ?
Maha visphot ka siddhaant brahmaand ki utpatti ke sandarbh mai sabase jyaada mainna hai. yah siddhaant vaykhya karata hai ki kaisy aaj se lagabhag 13.7 kharab varsh poorv ek atyant garm aur ghanee avastha se
brahmaand ka janm hua. isake anusaar brahmaand ki utpatti ek bindu se huyee thee.
Habbal ki duwara kiya gaya nireekshan aur brahmaandeey siddhaant (Cosmological Principle ) Maha visphot ke siddhaant ka mul hai.
1919 mai Habbal ne laal vichalan (raid shift) ke siddhaant ke aadhaar pad paaya tha ki brahmaand fail raha hai, brahmaand ki Aakaash Gangaye teji se ek dosre se door ja rahi hai. is siddhaant ke anusaar bhootakaal mai
Aakaash Gangaaye ek doosre ke aur paas rahee hongee aur, jyaada bhootakaal mai jaane par yah ek doosre ke atyadhik paas rahee honge. In nireekshan se yah nishkarsh nikalata hai ki bramhaand ne ek yasi sthitee se
janm liya hai jisame brahmaand ka saara padaarth aur oorja atyant garm taapamaan aur ghanatv pad ek hee sthaan par tha.is sthitee ko gurutviy ‘singulareetee ‘ (gravitational singularity) kahti hai. Maha-visphot yah shabd
us samay ki or sanket karata hai jab nireekshit brahmaand ka vistaar praarambh hua tha. yah samay ganana karane par aaj se 13.7 kharab varsh poorv(1.37 x 1010) paaya gaya hai. is siddhaant kee sahayata se jaarj gaimo ne
1948 mai brahmaandeey sookshm tarang vikiran(chosmich michrowavai bachkground radiation-chmb) kee bhavishyavaanee kee thee ,jise 1960 mai khoj leeya gaya tha. is khoj ne maha-visphot ke siddhaant ko ek thos
aadhaar pradaan kiya.
maha-visphot ka siddhaant anumaan aur nireekshan ke aadhaar par racha gaya hai. khagol shaastriyon ka nireekshan tha ki adhikatar nihaarikaayen(naibulaai) prithivi se door ja rahee hai. unhen isake khagol shastra pad
prabhaav aur isake kaaran ke baare mai gyaat nahin tha. unhai yah bhee gyaat nahin tha kee ye nihaa Rikayai hamari apane Aakaash Ganga ke baahar hai. yah kyon ho raha hai, kaise ho raha hai ek rahasy tha.
1927 me jaarjas lemitr ne aaeensaatain ke saapekshata ke siddhaant(thaiory of gainairal railativity) se aage jaate huye freedamain-lemitr-raabartasan-vaakar sameekaran (friaidmann-laimaitrai-robairtson-walkair
aiquations) banaaye. lemitr ke anusaar brahmaand kee utpatti ek praathamik paramaanu se huyee hai, isee pratipaadan ko aaj ham maha-visphot ka siddhaant kahate hain. lekin us samay is vichaar ko kisi ne gambheerata
se nahin liya.
isake pehle 1925 mai habbal ne paaya tha ki brahmaand mai hamaaree aakaash ganga akele nahin hai, aisee anekon Aakaash gangaaye hai. jinake beech mai vishal kaay antaraal hai. ise pramaanit karane ke liye use in
Aakaash gangaon ki prithivi se doree ganana karane thee. lekin ye Aakaash gangaaye hamai dikhaayee dene waale taaron ke tulana mai kafi dur thi. is dooree ki ganana ke liye habbal ne Apratyaksh tarika prayog main
laaya.kisi bhi taare ke chamak (brightnaiss) do kaarako pad nirbhar karate hai, woh kitana deepti (luminosity) ka prakaash utsarjit karata hai aur kitanee dooree pad sthit hai. ham paas ke taaron kee chamak aur dooree kee
gyaat ho tab unakee deepti kee ganana kee ja sakatee hai| usi tarah taare kee deepti gyaat hone par usakee chamak ka nireekshan se praapt maan ka prayog kar dooree gyaat kee ja sakatee hai. is tarah se habbl ne 9
vibhinn Aakaash gangaon kee dooree ka ganana kee .
1929 me habbal jab inhee Aakaash gangaon ka nireekshan kad dooree kee ganana kar raha tha. woh had taare se utsarjit prakaash ka varnakram aur dooree ka ek sochi patra bana raha tha. us samay tak yah maana jaata
tha ki brahmaand me aakaash gangaaye bina kisi vishisht kram ke aise hee aniyamit roop se vicharan kar rahee hai. usaka anumaan tha ki is sochi patra mai use saman matra mai laal vichalan aur baiganee vichalan milega.
lekin nateeje Apratya shit the. use lagabhag sabhee aakaashagangao se laal vichalan hee mila.Isaka arth yah tha ki sabhee aakaashagangaaye ham se door ja rahee hai. sabase jyaada aashchary janak khoj yah thee ki yah
laal vichalan aniyamit nahi tha ,yah vichalan us aakaashaganga kee gati ke samanu patei tha. isaka arth yah tha ki brahmaand sthir nahin hai, aakaashagangaon ke bich kee dooree badhate ja rahee hai. is prayog ne lemitr
[लेमिट्र] ke siddhaant ko nireekshan se praayogik aadhaar diya tha. yah nireekshan aaj habbal ke niyam ke roop mai jaana jaata hai.
Hebbal ka niyam aur brahmaandeey siddhaant ne yah bataaya ki brahmaand ka vistaar ho raha hai. yah siddhaant Einstein {आईन्स्टाईन} ke anant aur sthaitik brahmaand ke vipareet tha.
Is siddhaant ne 2 Virodha bhaashi sambhavanao ko hawa dee thee. pehle sambha wana thee,lemaitre ka maha-visphot siddhaant jise George Gamow ne samarthan aur vistaar diya tha. doosaree sambhawana thee,fred
hoyle ka sthaayee sthitee maadal (Fred Hoyle’s steady state model), jismai door hotee Aakashagangaon ke bich mai hamesha naye padaarthon kee utpatti ka pratipaadan tha. dosre shabdon mein aakaashagangaaye ek
doosre se door jaane par jo khaalee sthaan banata hai wahaa pad naye padaarth ka nirmaan hota hai.is sambhaavana ke anusaar moti tor pad brahmaand har samay ek jaisa hee raha hai aur rahega. hoyel hee wah vyakti
the jinhone lemitr ka mahaavisphot siddhaant ka majaak udaate huye “big bang idea” ka naam diya tha.
kafi samay tak in dono mado ke bich mai vaigyaanik vibhaajit rahe. lekin dheere dheere vaigyaanik prayogo aur nirikshano se mahaavisphot ke siddhaant ko samarthan badta gaya. 1965 ke baad bramhaandiy suksham
tarang vikiran (Cosmic Microwave Radiation) kee khoj ke baad is siddhaant ko sabse jyaada mainya siddhaant ka darja mil gaya. aaj kee sthitee mai khagol vigyaan ka har niyam isee siddhaant par aadhaarit hai aur isee
siddhaant ka vistaar hai.
maha-visphot ke baad shuruwaate brahmaand samange{शुरुवाती ब्रह्मांड समांगी} aur savartik roop se atyadhik ghanatv ka aur oorja se bhara hua tha. us samay dabaav aur taapamaan bhee atyadhik tha. yah dheer dheere failta gaya
aur thanda hota gaya, yah prakriya kuchh waise thee jaise bhaap ka dheere dheere thanda ho kar barph me badalana, antar itana hee hai ki yah prakriya mulbhoot kanon (Ilektraan,protean, Photon ityaadi) se sambandhit
hai.
Plaink kaal (प्लैंक काल) ke 10 -35 sec ke baad ek sankraman ke duwaara brahmaand kee kafi tivra gati se vriddhee (exponential growth) huye. Is kaal ko antariksheey spheeti अंतरिक्षीय स्फीति (cosmic inflation) kaal kaha jaata hai.Is
spheeti ke samaapt hone ke pashchaat, brahmaand ka padaarth ek Quark-gluon plasma ( क्वार्क-ग्लूवान प्लाज्मा ) ki avastha mai tha, jisame saare kan gati karate rahate hain. jaise jaise brahmaand ka aakaar badne laga, taapamaan
kam hone laga. Ek nishchit taapamaan pad jise ham baayarojinesees sankraman (बायरोजिनेसीस संक्रमण) kahate hai, glukaan aur kvaark ne milakar baayaraan (protaan aur nyutraan) banaaye.is sankraman ke dauraan kisee agyaat
kaaran se kan aur prati kan(padaarth aur prati padaarth) kee sankhya me antar aa gaya. taapamaan ke aur kam hone par bhautike ke niyam aur molbhoot kan aaj ke roop mai astitv main aaye. baad mai protean nyutran ne
milakar deuterium helium ke kendrak banaaye, is prakriya ko mahaavisphot aanavik sanshleshan [महाविस्फोट आणविक संश्लेषण] (big bang nuchlaiosynthaisis.) kahate hai. jaise jaise brahmaand thanda hota gaya, padaarth kee gati
kam hotee gayee, aur padaarth kee urja gurutvaakarshan [गुरुत्वाकर्षण] main tabadeel hokar vikiran kee oorja se adhik ho gayee.isake 300,000 varsh pashchaat ELECTRON aur kendrak ne milakar paramaanu (adhikatar
hydrogen) banaaye; is prakriya mai vikiran padaarth se alag ho gaya . yah vikiran brahmaand mai abhee tak brahmaandeey sookshm tarang vikiran (chosmich michrowavai radiation)ke roop mai bikhara pada hai.
kaalaantar mai thode adhik ghanatv vaale kshetr gurutvaakarshan ke dvaara aur jyaada ghanatv vaale kshetr me badal gaye. maha-visphot se padaarth ek doosare se door ja raha tha vahee gurutvaakarshan inhen paas
khinch raha tha. jahaan par padaarth ka ghanatv jyaada tha vahaan par gurutvaakarshan bal brahmaand ke prasaar ke liye kaaraneebhoot bal se jyaada ho gaya.gurutvaakarshan bal kee adhikata se padaarth ek jagah
ikaththa hokar vibhinn khagoleey pindon ka nirmaan karana laga. is tarah gaiso ka baadal, taaron, aakaashagangaon aur any khagoleey pindon ka janm hua, jise aaj ham dekh sakate hain.
aakaasheey pindon ke janm kee is prakriya kee aur vistrt jaanakaaree padaarth kee maatra aur prakaar par nirbhar karatee hai. padaarth ke teen sambhav prakaar hai sheetal shyaam padaarth (chold dark mattair)(6), tapt
shyaam padaarth(hot dark mattair) tatha baayaronik padaarth. khagoleey ganana ke anusaar sheetal shyaam padaarth kee maatra sabase jyaada(lagabhag 80%) hai. maanav dvaara nireekshit lagabhag sabhee aakaasheey
pind baayaronik padaarth(8)se bane hai.
shyaam padaarth kee tarah aaj ka brahmaand ek rahasyamay prakaar kee oorja ,shyaam oorja (dark ainairgy)(6) ke varchasv mai hai. lagabhag brahmaand kee kul oorja ka 70% bhaag isee oorja ka hai. yahee oorja
brahmaand ke vistaar kee gati ko ek saral raikhik gati-antar sameekaran se vichalit kar rahee hai, yah gati apekshit gati se kaheen jyaada hai. shyaam oorja apane saral roop mein aaeenstaeen ke sameekaranon mein ek
brahmaandeey sthiraank (chosmologichal chonstant) hai . lekin isake baare mein ham jitana jaanate hai usase kaheen jyaada nahin jaanate hai.doosare shabdon mein bhautike mai maanav ko jitane bal(9) gyaat hai ve
saare bal aur bhautikee ke niyam brahmaand ke vistaar kee gati kee vyaakhya nahin kar pa rahe hai. ise vyaakhya karane ka ek kaalpanik bal ka sahaara liya gaya hai jise shyaam oorja kaha jaata hai.
yah sabhee nireekshan laimda see dee em maadel ke antargat aate hai, jo maha visphot ke siddhaant kee ganeetiy roop se chhah paimaanon par vyaakhya karata hai. rahasy us samay gahara jaata hai jab ham shuroo vaat
kee avastha kee or dekhate hai, is samay padaarth ke kan atyadhik oorja ke saath the, is avastha ko kisee bhee prayogashaala mai praapt nahin kiya ja sakata hai. brahmaand ke pahale 10 -33 sekand kee vyaakhya karane
ke liye hamaare paas koee bhee ganitiy ya bhautikiy maadel nahin hai, jis avastha ka anumaan brahrt ekeekrt siddhaant(grand unifichation thaiory)(7)karata hai.pahalee najar se aaeenstaeen ka gurutvaakarshan ka
siddhaant ekagurutviy bindu (gravitational singularity) ka anumaan karata hai jisaka ghanatv aparimit (infinitai) hai.. is rahasy ko sulajhaane ke liye kvaantam gurutv ke siddhaant kee aavashyakata hai. is kaal (brahmaand
ke pahale 10 -33 sekand) ko samajh paana vishv ke sabase mahaan anasulajhe bhautikiy rahasyon mai se ek hai.
mujhe lag raha hai is lekh ne maha visphot ke siddhaant kee gutthee ko kuchh aur ulajha diya hai, is gutthee ko ham dheere dheere aage ke lekhon mai vistaar se charcha kar sulajhaane ka prayaas karenge. agala lekh
shyaam padaarth (dark mattair) aur shyaam urja(dark ainairgy) par hoga.
saagar jee kya khyaal hai, aapake prashnon kee soochee kam huyee ya aur badh gayee?
________________________________________________________
1) laal vichalan (raid shift) ke baare me yahaan dekhe.
(2)brahmaandeey siddhaant (chosmologichal princhiplai) : yah ek siddhaant nahin ek maanyata hai. isake anusaar brahmaand samaangee(homogainaious) aur saavartik(isotrpich) hai| ek bade paimaane par kisee bhee
jagah se nireekshan karane par brahmaand har disha mai ek hee jaisa prateet hota hai.
(3)brahmaandeey sookshm tarang vikiran(chosmich michrowavai bachkground radiation-chmb): yah brahmaand ke utpatti ke samay se lekar aaj tak sampoorn brahmaand me phaila hua hai. is vikiran ko aaj bhee
mahasoos kiya ja sakata hai.
(4)nihaarika (naibul) : brahmaand mai sthit dhool aur gais ke baadal.
(5) plaink kaal: maiks plaink ke naam par , brahmaand ke itihaas me 0 se lekar 10-43 (ek plaink eekai samay), jab sabhee chaaron moolabhoot bal(gurutv bal, vidyut chumbakeey bal, kamajor aanavik aakarshan bal aur
majaboot aanavik aakarshan bal) ek sanyukt the aur moolabhoot kanon ka astitv nahin tha.
(6) shyaam padaarth (dark mattair) aur shyaam oorja(dark ainairgy) is par poora ek lekh likhana hai.
(7)brahrt ekeekrt siddhaant(grand unifichation thaiory) : yah siddhaant abhee apoorn hai, is siddhaant se apeksha hai ki yah sabhee rahasy ko sulajha kar brahmaand utpatti aur usake niyamon kee ek sarvamaany ganitiy
aur bhautikiy vyaakhya dega.
(8) baayaraan : protaan aur nyutraan ko baayaraan bhee kaha jaata hai. vistrt jaanakaaree padaarth ke moolabhoot kan lekh mai.
(9) bhautikee ke moolabhoot bal :gurutv bal, vidyut chumbakeey bal, kamajor aanavik aakarshan bal aur majaboot aanavik aakarshan bal
(10) : ek prakaash varsh : prakaash dvaara ek varsh mai tay kee gayee dooree. lagabhag 9,500,000,000,000 kilo meetar. antariksh mai dooree maapane ke liye is ikaee ka prayog kiya jaata hai.
(11)aaj ham jaanate hai ki atyaadhunik doorabeen se kharabon aakaashagangaaye dekhee ja sakatee hai, jisame se hamaaree aakaashaganga ek hai aur ek aakaashaganga mai bhee kharabon taare hote hai. hamaaree
aakaashaganga ek pechadaar aakaashaganga hai jisakee chaudaee lagabhag hajaar prakaash varsh hai aur yah dheeme dheeme ghoom rahee hai. isakee pechadaar baanhon ke taare 1,000,000 varsh mai kendr kee ek
parikrama karate hai. hamaara soory ek saadhaaran ausat aakaar ka pila taara hai, jo ki ek pechadaar bhuja ke andar ke kinaare par sthit hai.
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